This study describes the use of the GERSTEL MultiPurpose Sampler (MPS) fitted with a Thermal Desorption Unit (TDU) and a Cooled Injection System (CIS 4) PTV-type Inlet for the automated direct thermal extraction analysis of packaging for three different brands of crème-fi lled chocolate sandwich cookies, cheese-filled sandwich crackers and soft and chewy candy. Download…
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) measures the concentration and composition of free radicals in a sample. Samples can be either liquid, solid or gas. Free radicals are atomic or molecular species with unpaired electrons that can be highly reactive. There are also many stable free radicals, such as melanin in hair and ultramarine blue pigment. Many…
Asphaltene concentration can be easily measured by ESR once a calibration curve has been made. The calibration curve made using an asphaltene powder dissolved in toluene. The ESR spectra of the various concentrations of apshaltene powder used to make the calibration curve. Active Spectrum has software that will automatically measure the concentration of an unknown…
Refining of hydrocarbons and vegetable oils typically includes hydrogenation. In a refinery hydrogen consumption is a major cost issue, and percent hydrogen content is used as an important indicator of refining progress. Hydrogen content at the endpoint is one of the specifications that needs to be met for products like jet fuel and diesel. An…
There has been an increase in concern for the detection and removal of organic chloride species from crude aromatic, naphtha, and other hydrocarbon streams. One process called catalytic reforming uses organic chloride to condition the catalyst, which results in lowlevel chloride contamination downstream. This can take the form of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and organic chlorides.…
Natural gas and other gaseous fuels naturally contain varying amounts and classes of sulfur compounds, which can be odorous, corrosive to equipment, and inhibit or destroy catalysts used in gas processing. Even trace amounts of sulfur can be destructive to processing. Sulfur is also added in small amounts, 1 to 4 ppmv, to natural gas…
Natural gas and other gaseous fuels naturally contain varying amounts and classes of sulfur compounds, which can be odorous, corrosive to equipment, and inhibit or destroy catalysts used in gas processing. Even trace amounts of sulfur can be destructive to processing. Sulfur is also added in small amounts, 1 to 4 ppmv, to natural gas…
ASTM D5623 is a method primarily for the determination of volatile sulfur-containing compounds in light petroleum liquids with a final boiling point of 230 °C or lower at atmospheric pressure, such as petroleum distillates and gasoline. Many sulfur compounds in light petroleum liquids are odorous, can cause corrosion to equipment, inhibit or destroy catalysts, and…
Some of the key processes in the petrochemical industry are conversions of high-grade ethylene (C2) and propane/propylene (C3) feedstocks into end products (polyethylene, polypropylene) and intermediates such as 1-butene. These are the building blocks for plastics and a wide range of products, and are a large industry, with 55 million metric tons of polypropylene produced…
High purity benzene is key in numerous chemical manufacturing processes. Even very small amounts of thiophene in benzene can poison catalysts making the determination of trace level amounts essential to the petroleum industry. ASTM Method D7011 covers the determination of thiophene in refined benzene using gas chromatography and sulfur selective detection. This application note presents…
Some of the key processes in the petrochemical industry are conversions of high-grade ethylene (C2) and propane/propylene (C3) feedstocks into end products (polyethylene, polypropylene) and intermediates such as 1-butene. These, of course, are the building blocks for plastics and a wide range of products, and are a large industry with 55 million metric tons of…
The analysis of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylenes, and Methyl-tert-butyl ether is a common analysis performed in many laboratories. BTEX compounds are naturally occurring constituents in crude oil and are created and used during the processing of refined petroleum products and during the production of chemical intermediates for many consumer products. BTEX compounds represent some of…
Several studies in the pharmaceutic industry validated the extremly valuable application of TD-NMR relaxometry in body composition analysis of mice and rats [1]. Instead of harmful treatment as in chemical analysis or in DEXA, the animal is brought only into magnetic fields comparable to well known clinical MRI, the analysis takes place in a few…
Toothpaste and mouthwash contain many ingredients to enhance the quality and health benefits. Fluorine is added in typical amounts of 1000 to 1500 ppm to prevent cavities by strengthening tooth enamel. Active ingredients are often sodium fluoride (NaF), stannous fluoride (SnF2), or sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2PO3F). In addition to fluoride, other ingredients can be included to…
In liposome and lipid nanoparticle (LNP) drug-delivery applications, particle size is a critical quality attribute (CQA) that impacts bioaccessibility, retention time and biodistribution. Microfluidization is a common method for largescale production of liposomes within a well-defined size range. The resulting particle size is dependent on a number of process parameters, such as chamber pressure and…
In metabolomics studies, large sample sets have to be analyzed to allow statistical differentiation of sample types.
In metabolomics studies, large sample sets have to be analyzed to allow statistical differentiation of sample types.
USP <467> Residual Solvents [1] is a general chapter in the US Pharmacopeia that describes a headspace gas chromatographic method for the determination of residual solvents in pharmaceutical products, active ingredients, and excipients.